三维激光扫描技术应用于基坑支护工程监测

三维激光扫描技术采用非接触方式,以点云形式获取地形及物体三维表面的阵列式几何图形数据。.其最大特点就是精度高、速度快、逼近原形、无接触测量。本文结合工程实践,探讨了其在基坑监测中该技术的测量精度适用性,阐述了工程应用中的三层次技术路线,最后对其应用于基坑监测可能存在的问题做了初步分析。     

Using Landscape Characteristics for Targeting Habitat Conservation and Restoration: A case study of ancient semi-natural woodland in the Chiltern Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty,UK

Ancient semi-natural deciduous woodland is a rare and threatened habitat cited by the European Union's Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). Current protection of this endangered habitat in the UK takes the form of site-specific reserve designations but, if the habitat is to be conserved and enhanced, a landscape-scale selective targeting system is required. In the absence of suitable species data, physical attributes of habitat patches are used as surrogate indicators of biodiversity. Using a land-use database held on a geographical information system, values of four abiotic criteria (patch area, patch shape, nearest-neighbour distance and surrounding land use) of 48 ancient semi-natural woodland patches in part of the Chiltern Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty were calculated. In order to validate the findings, three lists of floral and faunal species, indicative of ancient semi-natural woodland, were compiled, and the patches ranked according to their alpha diversity using each list. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were calculated for patch alpha diversity and patch area (0.322 to 0.482), patch shape (0.275 to 0.465) and nearest-neighbour distance ( - 0.092 to - 0.223). Multiple regression indicated that between 15 and 22% of the variation in alpha patch diversity was explained by the abiotic factors. It is suggested that spatial targeting at the landscape scale is a valuable approach to habitat conservation.     

一体化曲面共形频率选择表面雷达罩

频率选择表面雷达罩能有效提高飞行武器的隐身性能,而复杂不可展开曲面上频率选择表面的加工存在技术难题。本文利用CST仿真软件,分析了基于Y-型单元结构的二维无限大频率选择表面的电磁传输特性,同时构建三维雷达罩内置相控阵天线模型,分析了不同扫描角度下曲面雷达罩的透射率和瞄准误差,从理论上论证了方案的可行性。在此基础上,提出了一种基于多自由度激光机器人与旋转台联动的一体化曲面厚屏频率选择表面雷达罩加工方案。微波暗室测试结果表明,制备的共形曲面FSS雷达罩带内透射率达到80%左右,带外透射率低于10%,展示了良好的电磁滤波特性。这种工艺能够满足各种大型共形曲面FSS雷达罩的一体化加工需求。     

微透镜阵列的光刻胶热熔制作技术

介绍了利用光刻胶热熔法制作微透镜阵列这种简单、实用的技术。阐明了其原理、工艺流程、关键技术并给出了实验结果。结果表明,光刻胶热熔技术是一种简单、实用的微透镜阵列制作技术。本文的研究结果可为微透镜阵列的进一步研制及产业化提供参考。     

具径向有序微造型的枞树型槽干气密封性能分析

为进一步提升双向旋转干气密封的密封性能,本文设计了一种在流体动压型槽槽底开设径向有序微造型的枞树型槽干气密封。基于气体润滑理论,建立三维润滑气膜模型,采用Fluent软件进行流体仿真,对不同结构和工况参数下有无微造型的流体型槽端面密封性能参数(开启力F_o和压漏比F_o/Q)进行对比分析。研究结果表明：径向有序微造型设计在低速时具有良好的开启性能提升作用,有助于改善启停阶段的端面磨损问题,在小槽深高转速时还可以较大幅提升F_o/Q;有序微造型的存在可以减小气流振荡,提高了运行的稳定性;微造型宽间比B_m/C_m=1时的密封性能最好;膜厚δ=2μm时,微造型深度e取1~1.3μm,可使激光开槽效率最高且兼具优良密封性能;微造型设计在进出口压差(?p)较大时能够更有效地提升F_o和F_o/Q;有序微造型的存在几乎不影响δ、h_g、N和?p对枞树型槽干气密封作用效果的总体规律。     

Solid-state reorganization,melting and melt-recrystallization of conformationally disordered crystals (α′-phase) of poly (l-lactic acid)

Conformationally disordered α′-crystals of poly (l-lactic acid) were formed by crystallization of the melt at high supercooling at 95 °C. Analysis of their melting temperature as a function of the crystallinity revealed absence of crystal thickening during isothermal crystallization. Annealing of α′-crystals between the crystallization temperature of 95 °C and their zero-entropy production melting temperature of 150 °C leads to their stabilization, mainly by solid-state reorganization. Heating faster than 30 K s⁻¹ suppresses reorganization and permits superheating of the α′-phase. Consequently, isothermal melting followed by melt-recrystallization becomes accessible. Melting is completed within few hundreds of milliseconds, and melt-recrystallization is about two orders of magnitude faster than crystallization of the isotropic melt at identical temperature. The time required for melting decreases with superheating and increases with the lateral dimension of the lamellar crystals. Laterally extended lamellae require long time for melting of the outer crystal layers, which allows stabilization of the central crystal part. These crystal remnants then serve as seed for immediate recrystallization. In case of complete melting of smaller lamellae, melt-recrystallization is retarded but still distinctly faster than cold- and melt-crystallization, due to incomplete isotropization of the melt.     

激光熔覆FeCoCrNiNb高熵合金涂层组织及力学性能

采用激光熔覆技术在304不锈钢表面制备了FeCoCrNi、FeCoCrNiNb等摩尔比高熵合金熔覆层,研究了Nb元素对熔覆层组织及性能的影响。采用XRD、SEM、EDS、纳米压痕测试和干滑动摩擦磨损实验等方法,详细分析了2种高熵合金熔覆层的相组成、组织演变、纳米硬度及耐磨性能。结果表明：FeCoCrNiNb高熵合金熔覆层相组成为fcc固溶体及富Nb-Laves相。FeCoCrNiNb熔覆层的纳米硬度(H)、弹性模量(E)、H/E和H³/E²分别为6.066 GPa、231.54 GPa、0.0262和0.0042,远高于FeCoCr Ni熔覆层的3.456 GPa、209.48 GPa、0.0165和0.000 94。随着纳米硬度的增加,FeCoCrNiNb熔覆层的摩擦系数和比磨损率也随之降低,分别为0.519和2.54×10^-6mm³/(N·m)。综上所述,FeCoCrNiNb高熵合金熔覆层具有良好的纳米硬度和耐磨性。     

激光增材制造难熔金属研究进展

难熔金属由于具有优异的综合性能而广泛应用于航空航天、装备制造、核工业及生物医疗等领域。但是由于高熔点及高韧脆转变温度的特点,尚存在加工制造困难、生产周期长、对设备要求高等问题,从而限制了其应用与发展。激光增材制造是近年来新兴的数字化制造技术之一,为制造和加工难熔金属提供了新的发展思路。本文重点介绍了近年来激光增材制造难熔金属的热点领域,包括钨及钨基重合金、纯钼及钼硅硼合金、铌硅及铌钛合金和多孔钽,对尚存在的问题进行了总结,最后对激光增材制造难熔金属未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

In situ fabrication of highly-dense Al2O3/YAG nanoeutectic composite ceramics by a modified laser surface processing

Alumina-matrix eutectic in situ composite ceramics present excellent high-temperature mechanical properties, which have been considered as promising next-generation ultra-high temperature structural materials. A modified laser surface processing is developed to in situ fabricate highly-dense Al₂O₃/YAG bulk nanoeutectic ceramics with large size and homogeneous three-dimensional network of nanoeutectic microstructure by introducing two-side remelting and high-temperature preheating. The crack and porosity are avoided, and the eutectic structure achieves a good continuous growth between two solidified layers. The eutectic phases show sharp interface bonding with a defined orientation relationship. The dislocations and crack deflection at high-density phase interfaces importantly contribute to the enhanced fracture toughness.     

激光粒度仪分级测定水煤浆粒度分布的研究

为确定多种磨矿产品级配制得水煤浆样品的粒度分布,文章提出了分级测定水煤浆粒度的方法,已知各磨矿产品的粒度分布,通过分级拟合的方法得到不同质量比级配样品的粒度分布。结果表明:分级计算方法得到的煤样粒度分布可以准确反映出级配样品的峰型,且粒度测试结果较为准确。